Materials play a crucial role in engineering, construction, and manufacturing. The selection of the right material depends on its physical, mechanical, thermal, electrical, and chemical properties . Understanding these properties ensures better performance, durability, and efficiency in various applications. Illustration highlighting the importance of material properties in engineering and manufacturing, including physical, mechanical, thermal, electrical, and chemical properties. 1. Physical Properties Physical properties define a material's inherent characteristics without changing its composition. Density : The mass per unit volume, affecting weight and strength. Porosity : The measure of void spaces in a material, influencing permeability. Hardness : Resistance to indentation or scratching, crucial for wear resistance. Illustration highlighting the importance of material properties in engineering and manufacturing, including physical, mechanical, thermal, electrical, and chemi...